Publications

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1.       "The Thermodynamic Properties of Various Liquid Ferrous Alloys Determined by a Mass Spectrometer": R. J. Fruehan, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, l966.

 

2.       “The Determination of Activities by Mass Spectrometry.  I.  The Liquid Metallic Systems Iron-Nickel and Iron-Cobalt": G.R. Belton and R.J. Fruehan, J. Phys. Chem. 7l, 1403 (1967).

 

3.  "The Activity of Cr in Liquid Ni-Cr Alloys": R. J. Fruehan, Trans. Met. Soc., AIME, 242,

       2007 (1968).

 

4. "Rapid Oxygen Determination in Liquid Steel": E. T. Turkdogan and R. J. Fruehan,

AISI General Mtg., May 22-23, 1968, N.Y.; Yearbook of AISI, pp. 279-302. 

 

5. "Mass Spectrometric Determination of the Activities in Fe-Al and Ag-Al Liquid

 Alloys": G. R. Belton and R. J. Fruehan, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 245, 113 (1969).

 

6. "Thermodynamic of Binary Metallic Solutions.  Part III.": E. T. Turkdogan, R. J.

Fruehan, and L. S. Darken, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 245, 1003 (1969).

 

7. "Activities in the Liquid Fe-Cr-O System": R. J. Fruehan, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME,

      245, 1215 (1969).

 

8.  "Development of a Galvanic Cell for the Determination of Oxygen in Liquid Steel": R.

      J. Fruehan, L. J. Martonik, and E. T. Turkdogan, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 245, 1215

      (1969).

 

9. "Development of a Galvanic Cell for the Determination of Oxygen in Liquid

     Steel": R. J. Fruehan, L. J. Martonik, and E. T. Turkdogan, Trans. Met. Soc.

    AIME, 245, 1501 (1969).

 

10.  "The Activities of Oxygen in Liquid Copper and it's Alloys with Silver and Tin": R. J.

        Fruehan and F. D. Richardson, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 245, 1721 (1969).

 

11.  "The Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Fe-Si Alloys": R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans.

        1, 865 (1970).

 

12.   "Mass Spectrometric Determination of Activities in Liquid Iron-Chromium and

 Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloys": G. R. Belton and R. J. Fruehan,  Metall. Trans. 1, 781,

 1970.

 

13.    "Activities in Liquid Fe-V-O and Fe-B-O Alloys": R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans., 1, 2803

(1970).

 

14.  "Activities in Liquid Fe-Al-O and Fe-Ti-O Alloys": R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans., 1,

3403, 1970.

 

15.  "Desulfurization of Iron Alloys in Vacuo-Free Energy of Formation of SiS(v)": R. J.

Fruehan and E. T. Turkdogan,  Metall. Trans., 2 895 1971.

 

16.  "The Determination of Activities by Mass Spectrometry-Some Additional Methods":

G. R. Belton and R. J. Fruehan,  Metall. Trans., 2, 291 1971.

 

17.  "Mass Spectrometric Determination of Activities for Alloys with Complex Vapor

Species:  Bi-Pb and Bi-Ti": R. J. Fruehan,  Metall. Trans., 2, 1213, 1971.

 

18.  "The Rate of Decarburization of Austenite in CO-CO2": R. J. Fruehan and L. J.

Martonik,  High Temp. Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3, 244, 1971.

 

19.  "Probing for More than Temperature": C. K. Russell, R. J. Fruehan and R. S. Rittiger,

 J. Metals, Vol. 23, No. 11, 44, 1971.

 

20.  "Rate of Removal of Sulfur from Liquid Iron Alloys in Vacuo: Free Vaporization of S  and S2": G. R. Belton, R.J. Fruehan and E. T. Turkdogan, Metall. Trans., 3, 596, 1972.

 

21. "Review of Oxygen Sensors for Use in Steelmaking and of Deoxidation Equilibria": E.

      T. Turkdogan and R. J. Fruehan, Can. Met. Qtrly., vol. 11, No. 2, 371, 1972.

 

22.  "The Effect of Sulfur and Phosphorus on the Rate of Decarburization of Solid  Iron in Hydrogen": R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans., 3, 1447 (1972)

 

23. "The Rate of Chlorination of Metals and Oxides: Part I. Iron, Nickel, and Tin in

      Chlorine": R. J. Fruehan,  Metall. Trans., Vol. 3, 1972, pp. 2585-92.

 

24. "The Rate of Carburization on Iron in CO-H2 Atmospheres: Part II. Effect of H2O

       and H2S": R. J. Fruehan,  Metall. Trans., Vol. 4, 1973, pp. 2129-32.

 

25. "The Rate of Chlorination of Metals and Oxides:  Part II. Iron and Nickel in HCl": R. J.

      Fruehan and L. J. Martonik,  Metall. Trans., Vol. 4, 1973, pp. 2789-92.

 

26. "The Rate of Chlorination of Metals and Oxides; Part III. Fe2O3 and NiO in Cl2 and

      HCl": R. J. Fruehan and L. J. Martonik, Metall. Trans., Vol. 4, 1973, pp. 2793-97.

 

27. "The Effect of Zirconium, Cerium, and Lanthanum on the Solubility of Oxygen in

       Liquid Iron": R. J. Fruehan,  Metall. Trans., Vol. 5, 1974, pp. 345-47.

 

28. "The Rate of Decarburization of Liquid Iron by CO2 and H2": R. J. Fruehan, Metall.

      Trans., Vol. 5, 1974, pp. 1027-31.

 

29. "Solubilities of Cerium and Lanthanum Sulfides in Iron and Steel":  R. J. Fruehan and

      E. T. Turkdogan, Sulfide Inclusions in Steel, No. 6, American Society of Metals, pp. 21-

      22, 1974.

 

30. "Nitrogenation and Decarburization of Stainless Steel": R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans.

       B., Vol. 6B, 1975, pp. 573-78.

 

31. "The Rates of Several Gas-Liquid Reactions in the Q-BOP": R. J. Fruehan, Ironmaking

      and Steelmaking, 1976, No. 1, pp. 33-38.

 

32. "Reaction Model for the AOD Process": R. J. Fruehan, Ironmaking and Steelmaking,

      1976, No. 3, pp. 153-58.

 

33. "The Rate of Reduction of MgO by Carbon": R. J. Fruehan and L. J. Martonik, Metall.

     Trans. B, 1976, Vol. 7B, pp. 537-42.

 

34. "The Rate of Reduction of Iron Oxides by Carbon": R.J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B,

      1977, Vol. 8B, pp. 279-86.

 

35. "Rate of Reduction of Cr2O3 by Carbon and Carbon Dissolved in Liquid Iron

      Alloys": R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, 1977, Vol. 89, pp. 429-33.

 

36. "Reaction Between Condensed Phases Involving Gases": E. T. Turkdogan, R.J.

Fruehan and R.H. Tien, Proc. Darken Conference, U.S. Steel Research Laboratory, 1976, pp. 147-75.

 

37. "Desulfurization of Steel Containing Si or Al by CaO": R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B,

       1978.

 

38. "Physical Behavior and Liquid-Phase Mass Transfer of Submerged Gas Jets in

Liquids": R.J. Fruehan and L.J. Martonik, Proc. Third Int. Iron and Steel Congress, Chicago, 1978.

 

39. "The Free Energy of Formation of Ce2O2S and the Nonstoichiometry of Cerium

      Oxides":  R.J. Fruehan,  Metall. Trans. B, 1979, Vol. 10B, pp. 143-47.

 

40. "The Rate of Mass Transfer Between Submerged Gas Jets and Liquid Metals": R. J.

      Fruehan, Metals Technology, 1980, pp. 95-101.

 

41. "The Rate of Absorption of Nitrogen into Liquid Iron Containing Oxygen and

      Sulfur": R. J. Fruehan and L. J. Martonik, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 11B, 1980, p. 625.

 

42. "Studies of Several Reactions in the Blast Furnace": E. T. Turkdogan, G. J. W. Kor and

       R. J. Fruehan, Iron and Steelmaking, Vol. 6, 1980, pp. 268-80.

 

43. "The Physical Chemistry of Ironmaking and Steelmaking": R. J. Fruehan and E.T.

      Turkdogan, The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel, U.S. Steel Corporation, 1981.

 

44. "The Rate of Absorption of Nitrogen into Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys": R. J. Fruehan

      and L. J. Martonik, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 12B, 1981, pp. 379-84.

 

45. "The Phosphorous Reaction in Oxygen Steelmaking": R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of

      the Steelmaking Conference of ISS of AIME, Pittsburgh PA, March 1981.

 

46. "Ladle Treatment for Continuously Cast Steels": R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of the

      4th International Iron and Steel Congress, London UK, May 1982.

 

47. "Thermochemistry of Desulfurization of Hot Metal with Lime-Based Injection": P. J.

Koros and R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of International Symposium of the Physical Chemistry of Iron and Steelmaking, Toronto Canada 1982.

 

48. "The Rate of Absorption of Nitrogen into Liquid Fe and Fe-Cr Alloys": R. J. Fruehan

and P. C. Glaws, Proceedings of International Symposium of the Physical Chemistry of Iron and Steelmaking, Toronto Canada, 1982.

 

49. "Several Aspects of Slag-Metal Reactions in the Blast Furnace": R.J. Fruehan,

Proceedings of International Symposium of the Physical Chemistry of Iron and Steelmaking, Toronto Canada, 1982.

 

50. "Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Reactions Involving Elements in Ladle

Metallurgy": R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of Electric Furnace Conference, Kansas City, December l982, and Iron and Steelmaker, 1983, pp. 33-38.

 

51. "Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations in Hot Metal Treatments": R. J.

      Fruehan, J. C. Niedringhaus and A. H. Chan, Steelmaking Proceedings, 1984, p. 269.

 

52. "Physical Modelling of Mixed Gas Blowing Processes": R. Matway, H. Henein, R. J.

      Fruehan, and J. Isaacs, Proceedings of the Process Technology Conference, 1984,

      p. 39.

53. "Kinetics of Coupled Slag-Metal Reactions in Iron": R. J. Fruehan and  S. Bhagavatula, 

      ISS Transactions, 1984, Vol. 4, p. 11.

 

54. "Kinetics of the Reaction of SiO(g) with Carbon Saturated Iron": B. Ozturk and R. J.

       Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 16B, 1985, p. 121.

55. "Scrap in Iron and Steelmaking": R.J. Fruehan, Iron and Steelmaker, May 1985, p. 30.

 

56. "Scrap in Iron and Steelmaking - Technologies to Improve the Use of  Scrap": R.J.

      Fruehan, Iron and Steelmaking, July 1985, p. 31.

 

57. "The Kinetics of the Nitrogen Reaction with Liquid Iron-Sulfur Alloys": P. C. Glaws

       and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 16B, 1985, p. 551.

 

58. "The Rate of Formation of SiO by the Reaction of CO and H2 with Silica and Silicate

      Slags": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 16B, 1985, pp. 801-806.

 

59. "Ladle Refining Furnaces for the Steel Industry": R. J. Fruehan, Center for Materials

      Production, Report 85-1, March 1985.

 

60. "Plasma Processes for Metals Production": R. J. Fruehan, Center for Materials

      Production, Report 853, October 1985.

 

61. "The Thermodynamics and Process Dynamics of Ladle Furnace Refining Processes":

      R. J. Fruehan, Transactions of the Iron and Steel Society, Vol 6, 1985, p. 43.

 

62. "The Thermodynamics and Process Dynamics of Ladle Furnace Refining Processes":

R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of the Electric Furnace Conference, Toronto, 1984, Vol. 42.

 

63. "The Reaction of SiO(g) with Liquid Slags": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans.

      B, vol 17B, 1986, p. 397.

 

64. "Kinetics of Nitrogen Reaction with Iron-Chromium Alloys": P. C. Glaws and R. J.

      Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, vol. 17B, 1986, p. 317.

 

65. "The Nitrogen Reaction Between Carbon Saturated Iron and Na2O-SiO2 Slags, Part

      I": F. Tsukihashi and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, vol 17B, 1986, p. 467.

 

66. "The Nitrogen Reaction between Carbon Saturated Iron and Na2O-SiO2 Slags, Part

       II Kinetics": F. Tsukihashi and R. J. Fruehan, Metall.Trans. B, vol 17B, 1986, p. 541.

 

67. "The Thermodynamics of Sulfur and Phosphorus Reactions Between Carbon

Saturated Iron and N2O-SiO2 Slags": A. H. Chan, J. J. Pak and R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of the Fifth International Iron and Steel Congress, PTD, Washington D.C., 1986, p. 467.

 

68. "A Model for Nitrogen Absorption in Iron Alloy Melts": R. J. Fruehan, B. Lally and P.

C. Glaws, Proceedings of the Fifth International Iron and Steel Congress, PTD, Washington D.C., 1986, p. 339.

 

69. "Equilibrium and Kinetics of the Nitrogen Reaction with Na2O-SiO2 and Carbon

Saturated Iron": F. Tsukihashi and R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of the Fifth International Iron and Steel Congress, PTD, Washington D.C., 1986, p. 713.

 

70. "Transfer of Silicon in Blast Furnace": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of the

      Fifth International Iron and Steel Congress, Washington D.C., 1986, p. 959.

 

71. "A Control Model for Nitrogen Absorption in Steelmaking Processes": R. J. Fruehan,

       B. Lally, P. C. Glaws, Transaction of ISS, I&SM, April 1987, p. 31.

 

72. "Soda Slag System for Hot Metal Dephosphorization": J. J. Pak and R. J. Fruehan,

       Metall. Trans. B, Vol 17B, 1987, p. 797.

 

73. "Formation of SiO(g) and SiS(g) from Coke": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan,

      Transactions of ISS of AIME, I&SM, July 1987, p. 43.

 

74. "Physical Chemistry of Gas Liquid Solder Reactions": B. Ozturk, P. Barron and R. J.

      Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol 18B, 1987, p. 381.

 

75. "Physical Modeling of Liquid/Liquid Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Ladles": Seon-Hyo

      Kim and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol 18B, 1987, pp. 673-680.

 

76. "The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gas Dissolution and Evolution from Iron

Alloys": R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of Physical Chemistry of Foundry Processes, General Motors Symposium, Warren MI, 1987, pp. 411-422.

 

77. "Two Phase Mass Transfer in Gas Stirred Reactors", R. J. Fruehan and S-H Kim,

Proceedings of Physical Chemistry of Foundry Processes, General Motors Symposium, Warren MI, 1987, pp. 293-302.

 

78.  "Rate of Nitrogen Reaction on Fe-Ni-S and Fe-Cr-N-S Alloys": P. C. Glaws and R. J.

Fruehan, Transactions of ISS, January 1987, p. 55.

 

79.  "A Study of the Reaction of CO on Liquid Iron Alloys": R. J. Fruehan and S. Antolin,

Metall. Trans. B, Vol 18B, 1987, p. 415.

 

80.  "Activity of Silica in Calcium-Aluminate Slags": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan, Metall.

 Trans. B, Vol 18B, 1987, p. 746.

 

81.  "Reaction Mechanism for the CaO-Al and CaO-CaF2 Desulfurization of Carbon

Saturated Iron": J. C. Niedringhaus and R. J. Fruehan, Proceedings of 70th Steelmaking Conference, ISS of AIME, 1987, p. 317.

 

82.  "Dynamics of Hot Metal Dephosphorization with NaO2 Slags": J. J. Pak and R. J.

 Fruehan, Met. Trans. B, Vol 18B, 1987, p. 687-693.

 

83.  "Alternate Scrap Melting Technologies, Part I": R. J. Fruehan, Iron and Steelmaker,

 March 1987, p. 19.

 

84.  "Alternate Scrap Melting Technologies, Part II": R. J. Fruehan, Iron and Steelmaker,

April 1987, pp. 9-12.

 

85.  "University Research for Improved Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking and Scrap

Utilization": R. J. Fruehan and A. McLean, Iron and Steelmaker, October 1987, pp. 11-14.

 

86.  "Effects of CO2 Stirring in a Ladle": T. Bruce, F. Weisang, M. Allibert, and R. Fruehan, Proceedings of Electric Furnace Conference, ISS of AIME, Chicago IL, 1987, Vol. 45, p. 293.

 

87.  "The Kinetics of the Nitrogen Reaction with Carbon Saturated Iron Alloys": F.

Tsukihashi and R. J. Fruehan, Trans. JISI. Vol. 27, 1987, p. 858.

 

88. "Reaction Mechanism of CaO-Al and CaO-CaF2 Desulfurization of Carbon Saturated

Iron": J. C. Niedringhaus and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol 19B, 1988, pp. 261-268.

 

89.  "The Sulfur Partition Ratio and the Sulfide Capacity of Na2O-SiO2 Slags at 1400oC":

Allen H. Chan and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, vol. 17B, 1988, pp. 334-336.

 

90.  "Thermodynamics of Copper Removal from Carbon Saturated Iron with FeS-Na2S-

Cu2S Matte": I. Jimbo, M. Sulsky and R. J. Fruehan, 1988 W. O. Philbrook Memorial Symposium Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, Toronto Canada, p. 133.

 

91.  "The Effect of Na2O on the Thermodynamics of Dephosphorization of CaO Based

Slags": J. J. Pak and R. J. Fruehan, 1988 W.O. Philbrook Memorial Symposium Conference Proceedings,  ISS-AIME, Toronto Canada, 1988, pp. 17-23.

 

92.  "Thermodynamics of Ca-CaF2-Ca-CaCl2 Systems for Dephosphorization of Steel":

N. Masumitsu, K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, 1988 W. O. Philbrook Memorial Symposium Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, Toronto Canada, p. 229.

 

93.  "Slag Foaming in Smelting Reduction Processes": K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, 1988

Process Technology Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, Vol. 17, p. 13.

 

94.  "Slag Foaming in Electric Furnace Steelmaking": K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan,

Proceedings of the Electric Furnace Conference, ISS-AIME, 1988.

 

95.  "Thermodynamics of Nitrogen in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 Slags and Its Reaction with Fe-C-

(sat) Melts": K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, 1988 W. O. Philbrook Memorial Symposium Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, Toronto Canada, p. 101.

 

96.  "Reaction of Nitrogen with Calcium Aluminate Slags": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan,

1988 W. O. Philbrook Memorial Symposium Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, Toronto Canada, p. 119.

 

97.  "Slag Foaming in Smelting Reduction Processes": K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, 1988

      Process Technology Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, Vol. 7, p. 13.

 

98. "The Refining of Copper from Ferrous Scrap": I. Jimbo, M. Sulsky and R. J. Fruehan,

      I&SM, August 1988, pp. 20-23.

99. "Thermodynamics of Ca-CaF2 and Ca-CaCl2 Systems for the Dephosphorization of

Steel": N. Masumitsu, K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, vol. 19B, 1988, pp.  643-648

 

100. "Analysis of Bath Smelting Processes for Producing Iron": R. J. Fruehan, K. Ito, B.

       Ozturk, Trans. ISS, I&SM, November 1988, pp. 83-91.

 

101. "Gases in Metals": Richard J. Fruehan, Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Volume 15,

        ASM International, Metals Park Ohio, pp. 82-87.

 

102. "Thermodynamics of Nitrogen in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 Slags and Its Reaction with Fe-

Csat Melts":  Kimihisa Ito and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 19B, June 1988, pp. 419-425.

 

103. "Sulfur Partition Ratio with Fe-Csat Melts and Sulfide Capacity of CaO-SiO2-

Na2O(Al2O3) Slags":  A. H. Chan and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol 20B, February 1989, pp. 71-76.

 

104. "Physical Modeling of Gas Injection in a Steelmaking Vessel": R. Matway, R. J.

         Fruehan, H. Henein, Trans. ISS, I&SM, September 1989, pp. 51-58.

 

105. "Decarburization Kinetics of Liquid Fe-Csat Alloys by CO2": F. J. Mannion and R. J.

        Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol 20B, December 1989, pp. 853-861.

 

106. "Thermodynamics of Ti, Al and Inclusion Formation in Stainless Steel and Nickel

        Alloy": L. Liao, R. J. Fruehan, Trans. ISS, I&SM, October 1989,  pp. 91-97.

 

107. "Slag Foaming in Electric Furnace Steelmaking", K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, Trans ISS,

        I&SM, August 1989, pp. 55-60.

 

108. "Study on the Foaming of CaO-SiO2-FeO Slags. Part I Foaming Parameters and

Experimental Results": Kimihisa Ito and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 20B, 1989, p. 509.

 

109. "Study on the Foaming of CaO-SiO2-FeO Slags. Part II Dimensional Analysis and

Foaming in Iron and Steelmaking Processes": Kimihisa Ito and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 20B, 1989, p. 515.

 

110. "Physical Modeling of Gas Injection in a Steelmaking Vessel": R. Matway, R. J.

        Fruehan, H. Henein, Trans ISS, I&SM, September 1989, p.51.

 

111. "Activities of Na2O in CaO-Based Slags Used for Dephosphorization of Steel": J.J.

        Pak, K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, ISIJ International, Vol. 29, 1989, p. 318.

 

112. "Decarburization Kinetics of Liquid Fe-Csat Alloys by CO2": F. J. Mannion and R. J.

        Fruehan, Ironmaking Conference Proceedings, ISS, Chicago IL, 1989, p. 63.

 

113. "Slag Foaming in Electric Furnace Steelmaking": K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, Trans. ISS,

        I&SM, August 1989, p. 51.

 

114. "A Non-Technical Introduction to Electric Furnace Steelmaking: Parts I-VI": R. J.

        Fruehan, I&SM, March - August, 1989.

 

115. "Thermodynamics of Ti, Al and Inclusion Formation in Stainless Steels and Nickel

Alloys": L. Liao and R. J. Fruehan, Trans. ISS, Iron and Steelmaker, October 1989, pp. 91-97.

 

116. "Calcium Modification of Oxide Inclusions": K. Larsen and R. J. Fruehan, Trans. ISS,

        Iron and Steelmaker, July 1990, p. 45.

 

117. "Challenges in the Development of New Iron and Steelmaking Processes": R. J.

Fruehan, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Canadian Chemical Engineering Association, Hamilton Ontario Canada, September 1989.

 

118. "Potential Benefits of Gas Stirring in An Electric Furnace": R. J. Fruehan, Trans. ISS,

         Iron and Steelmaker, February 1990, pp. 43-50.

 

119. "Thermodynamics of Nitrogen in Ca-CaF2 Slags": K. Ito and R. J. Fruehan, Metall.

        Trans. B, Vol. 21B, 1990, p. 205.

 

120. "Fundamental and Long Term Iron and Steelmaking Research in Japan": R. J.

Fruehan and A. W. Cramb, "Part I Industry Research", Iron and Steelmaker, March 1990. p. 38. "Part II University Research", Iron and Steelmaker, April 1990, p. 16.

 

121. "Thermodynamics of Ti in Ag-Cu Alloys", J. J. Pak, M. L. Santella, and R. J.

 Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 21B, April 1990, p. 349.

 

122. "An Introduction to Vacuum Degassing - Parts I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII": R. J. Fruehan,

        Iron and Steelmaker, June 1990.

 

123."Thermodynamic Behavior of Nitrogen in B2O3 Slag System": D.-J. Min and R. J.

Fruehan, Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, ISS, 1990, p. 533.

 

124."Recent Progress on Ferrous Scrap Treatment": A. W. Cramb and R. J. Fruehan,

TMS-AIME Recycling Conference, Williamsburg VA, October 1990.

 

125."Thermodynamics of Inclusion Formation in Fe-Ti-C-N Alloys": Bahri Ozturk and

R. J. Fruehan, Metall Trans B, Vol. 21B, October 1990, pp. 879-

 

126."Discussion of Thermodynamics of Ca-CaF2 and Ca-CaCl2 Systems for the

Dephosphorization of Steel": C. Nassaralla and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 21B, 1990, p. 1079.

 

127. "Nitrogen Solution in BaO-B2O3 and CaO-BaO Slags". D.-J. Min and R.J.

Fruehan, Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 21B, 1990, p. 1025.

 

128. "Iron Bath Smelting - Current Status and Understanding": R. J. Fruehan, SRNC-90,

Korean Institute of Metals, 1990, p. 39.

 

129. "Current Status and Future Developments in Oxygen Steelmaking": R. J. Fruehan,

Sixth International Iron and Steel Congress, Nagoya Japan, October 1990, Volume 3, p. 73.

 

130. "Removal of Nitrogen by BaO-TiO2 Based Slags": M. Sassagawa, B. Ozturk and R. J.

Fruehan, Trans. ISS, Iron and Steelmaker, December 1990, p. 51.

 

131. "Fundamental Study of Slag Foaming in Bath Smelting": R. Jiang and R. J. Fruehan,

Metall Trans B, Vol 22B, 1991, p. 481.

 

132. "Analysis of Manganese Smelting in Steelmaking": D.-J. Min and R. J. Fruehan,

Trans. ISS, I&SM, June 1991, p. 51.

 

133. "A New Low Temperature Process for Copper Removal from Scrap": A. Cramb

and R. J. Fruehan, Trans ISS, Iron and Steelmaker, November 1991, p. 61.

 

134. "Physical Modeling of Slag/Metal Reactions in Combined Blowing": R. Matway, H.

Henein and R. J. Fruehan: Trans ISS, Iron and Steelmaker, December 1991, p. 43.

 

135. "Removal of Nitrogen from Steel Using Novel Fluxes": K. Nomura, B. Ozturk and

R. J. Fruehan, Metall Trans B, Vol. 22B, 1991, p. 787.

 

136. "The Effect of Na2O on Dephosphorization by CaO Based Steelmaking Slags": J. J.

Pak and R. J. Fruehan, Metall Trans B, Vol. 22B, 1991, p. 39.

 

137. "Thermodynamic Study of Dephosphorization Using BaO-BaF2, CaO-CaF2 and

BaO-CaO-CaF2 System" C. Nassaralla, R. J. Fruehan and D.-J. Min, Metall Trans B, Vol. 22B, 1991, p. 33.

 

138. "Modeling of Gas Stirring in Electric Arc Furnaces": X. Zhang and R. J. Fruehan,

Proceedings of Electric Furnace Conference, 1991, Vol. 49, p. 483.

 

139. "Slag Foaming in Bath Smelting": R. Jiang and R. J. Fruehan, Metall Trans B, Vol.

22B, 1991, p. 481.

 

140. "Rate of Reduction of FeO in Slag by Fe-C Drops": D.-J. Min and R. J. Fruehan,

Metall Trans B, Vol 23B, February 1992, p. 29.

 

141. "Rate of Decarburization of Fe-CSAT Melts by H2O at 1523 and 873 K": R. J.

Fruehan, G. R. Belton, F. Mannion and Y. Sasaki, Metall Trans B, Vol  23B, February 1992, p. 45.

 

142. "Dissolution of Fe2O3 and FeO Pellets in Bath Smelting Flags": Bahri Ozturk and R.

 J. Fruehan, ISIJ International, 1992, Vol. 32, pp. 879-884.

 

143. "Rate of Coal Devolatilization in Iron and Steelmaking Processes. Part I –

Experimental Results": R. S. Sampaio, R. J. Fruehan and Bahri Ozturk, Trans of ISS, I&SM, August 1992, p. 49.

 

144. "Rate of Coal Devolatilization in Iron and Steelmaking Processes Part II - Effect of

Coal Devolatilization in Energy Efficiency in Bath Smelting": R. S. Sampaio, R. J. Fruehan and Bahri Ozturk, Trans of ISS, I&SM, August 1992, p. 59.

 

145. "Nitrogen Control in Chromium Steels": R. J. Fruehan, INFACON 6, Vol. 2, p. 35,

South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, RSA, 1992.

 

146. "Refining Strategies of Optimization for Phosphorus and Nitrogen Control": R. J.

Fruehan, Scaninject VI, Part I, p. 285, MEFOS, Lulea Sweden, 1992.

 

147. "Reaction Rates and Rate Limiting Factors in Iron Bath Smelting": R. J. Fruehan,

Savard/Lee Symposium, p. 233, TMS, Warrendale PA 1992.

 

148. "Foaming of Ladle and BOS-Mn Smelting Slags": R. E. Roth, R. Jiang and R. J.

        Fruehan, Trans ISS, I&SM, November 1992, p. 55.

 

149. "Decarburization of Fe-Csat Melts by H2O at 1523 and 1873 K": R. J. Fruehan, G. R.

Belton, F. J. Mannion and Y. Sasaki, Metall Trans B, Vol. 23B, 1992, pp. 45-51.

 

150. "Desulfurization of Bath Smelter Metal": L. B. McFeaters and R. J. Fruehan,

         Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 24B, June 1993, pp. 441-447.

 

151. "Removal of H2S from Bath Smelting Gas": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan,

   Transactions ISS. November 1994, pp. 63-67.

 

152. "Kinetics of Reaction of H2O Gas with Liquid Iron": T. Nagasaka and R. J. Fruehan, 

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 25B, April 1994, pp. 245-253.

 

153. "Reaction Kinetics of H2O-CO Gas Mixtures with Liquid Fe-C Alloys": T. Nagasaka

            and R. J. Fruehan, ISIJ International, Vol. 34, 1994, No. 3, pp. 241-246.

 

154. "Physical Model Studies of Slag/Metal Reactions in Gas Stirred Ladles –

Determination of Critical Gas Flow Rate": S-H Kim, R. J. Fruehan, R. I. L. Guthrie, Trans. ISS, 1993; I&SM, November 1993, p. 71.

 

155. "Inclusion Formation in Fe-Cr-Ti-N Alloys": B. Ozturk, R. Matway and R. J.

Fruehan, Proceedings of 51st Electric Furnace Conference, ISS, November 1993, Washington DC.

 

156. "Desulfurization of Bath Smelter Metal": L. B. McFeaters and R. J. Fruehan, 

        Proceedings of Steelmaking Conference, ISS, 1993, p. 671.

 

157. "Kinetics of the Reactions of C2H6, CH4-CO2 and CO-CO2-O2 Gases with Liquid

        Iron": K. Sekino and R. J. Fruehan, accepted for publication in ISIJ International.

 

158. "Metal Decontamination and Recycle Using Liquid Metal Melt-Slag Technology": E.

L. Joyce, B. Lally, B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan, International Journal of Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 1-9, 1993.

 

159. "Manufacturing and Technology Assessment of International Steel Plants": R. J.

Fruehan, L. Brinkmeyer, R. Dippenaar, Y. Zhang, Iron and Steelmaker, January 1994, pp. 25-31.

 

160. "Equilibrium Values for the Dissolution of Solid Copper into FeS-Na2S

         Mattes": Y. Zhang, T. Nagasaka, A. W. Cramb and R. J. Fruehan,

         Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 25B, April 1994.

 

161. "Formation of H2S in Bath Smelting Process": B. Ozturk, R. Roth and R. J.

         Fruehan, ISIJ International, 1994, vol. 34, pp. 663-699.

 

162. "Removal of Sulfur from Bath Smelting Gas": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan,

Transactions Iron and Steel Socielty, Iron and Steelmaker, November 1994, pp. 63-67.

 

163. "Effect of Temperature on Slag Foaming": B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan,

          accepted for publication in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 1994.

 

164."Physical Modeling of Bottom-Blown Continuous Steelmaking Part I: The

Decarburization Reaction Model and Water Modeling Results":  C. A. Abel, R. J. Fruehan and A. Vassilicos, Transactions of ISS, I&SM, July 1995, p. 47.

 

165. "Physical Modeling of Bottom-Blown Continuous Steelmaking Part II:

Dimensional Analysis, Process Optimization and Process Feasibility":  C. A.  Abel, R. J. Fruehan and A. Vassilicos, Transactions of ISS, I&SM, Warrendale PA, August 1995, p. 49.

 

166."Effect of Gas Types and Pressure on Slag Foaming": Y. Zhang and R. J. Fruehan, 

Communication in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 26B, October 1995, pp. 1088-1092.

 

167. "Thermodynamics of Inclusion Formation in Fe-Cr-Ti-N Alloys": Bahri Ozturk, R.

Matway and R. J. Fruehan, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 26B, June 1995, pp. 573-567.

 

168. "On Hot Metal Desulfurization": E. Oktay and R. J. Fruehan, Steel Research Journal,

 Germany.

 

169. "Influence of Chromium and Nickel on the Dissociation of CO2  on Carbon

Saturated Liquid Iron", C. P. Petit, R. J. Fruehan, Metall. and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 28B, August 1997, pp. 639-645.

 

170. "Kinetics of the Reaction of CH4 with Liquid Iron": K. Sekino, T. Nagasaka and R. J.

Fruehan, Metallurgical and Materials Trans. B, Vol. 26B, April 1995, pp. 317-324.

 

171. "Modeling of the Two-Zone Smelter - Part 1: Experimental and Fluid Flow

Model”":  X. Zhang, R. J. Fruehan and A. Vassilicos: Process Technology Conference Proceedings, Vol. 13, 1995, pp. 441-447.

 

172. “Modeling of the Two-Zone Smelter - Part 2: Physical Modeling and Pilot Plant

Trials”: X. Zhang, R. J. Fruehan and A. Vassilicos: Process Technolgoy Conference Proceedings, Vol. 13, 1995, pp. 445-454.

 

173. "Effect of Carbonaceous Particles on Slag Foaming": Y. Zhang and R. J. Fruehan,

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 26B, August 1995, pp. 813-819.

 

174. "Effect of Bubble Size and Chemical Reactions on Slag Foaming": Y. Zhang and R. J.

Fruehan, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 26B, August 1995, pp. 803-812.

 

175. "Effect of FeO in Slag on the Desulfurization of Hot Metal": P. K. Iwamasa

          and R. J. Fruehan, Steelmaking Conference Proceedings of ISS, Vol. 78, 

         Nashville TN, April 2-5, 1995, pp. 191-197.

 

176. "Behavior of DRI and Its Effect on Nitrogen Content in the EAF": D.

         Goldstein, R. J. Fruehan, B. Ozturk, Electric Furnace Conference

         Proceedings of ISS, Orlando FL, November 1995.

 

177. "Applications of Fundamentals to Ladle Processes", R. J. Fruehan,

         Proceedings of the 14th Process Technology Conference ISS, Orlando FL.

         November 1995.

 

178. "Future Steelmaking Technologies and the Role of Basic Research", R. J.

         Fruehan, Metall. and Materials Transactions A & B , 1996.

 

234."Fundamentals and Practices for Producing Low Nitrogen Steels", R. J. Fruehan,

 ISIJ International,  Vol. 36, 1996, pp. S58-S61.

 

235."Vaporization of Zinc from Steel Scrap", Bahri Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan, ISIJ

 International , Vol. 36, 1996, pp. S239-S242.

 

180. "A Review of Hydrogen Flaking and Its Prevention", R. J. Fruehan, ISS Transactions

of AIME, August 1997, pp. 61-69.

 

181. "Separation of Metal Droplets from Slag", P. K. Iwamasa and R. J. Fruehan, ISIJ

International, Vol. 36, 1996, p. 319. June 1996.

 

182. "Effect of FeO in the Slag and Silicon in the Metal on the Desulfurization of Hot

Metal", P. K. Iwamasa and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. and Materials Transactions B,  Vol. 28B, February 1997. pp 47-57.

 

183. "Thermodynamics of MnO, FeO and Phosphorus in Steelmaking Slags with High

MnO Contents", A. T. Morales and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. and Materials Transactions B, June 1996.

 

184. "Reduction of FeO in Smelting Slags by Solid Carbon: Experimental Results", B.

Sarma, A. W. Cramb and R. J. Fruehan, Metall. and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 27B, October 1996, pp. 717-730.

 

185. "The Current and Future Competitiveness of the American Steel Industry", R. J

Fruehan, The Sloan Steel Industry Study, Pittsburgh PA, November 1996.

 

186. "Benchmarking of Research in the Specialty Steel Industry", R. J. Fruehan, A. T.

Morales, Sloan Steel Industry Study, Pittsburgh PA, December 1996.

 

187. "Meeting the Challenge: U. S. Industry Faces the 21st Century: The Basic Steel

        Industry", R. M. Cyert, R. J. Fruehan, J. LaFrance, U.S. Department of Commercial, 

        Office of Technology Policy, December 1996.

 

188. “Dephosphorization Equilibria Between Liquid Iron and Highly Basic CaO-Based

        Slags Saturated with MgO”, H. Ishii and R. J. Fruehan, I&SM of ISS, February  1997,

        pp. 51-58.

 

189. “Effect of FeO in the Slag and Silicon in the Metal on the Desulfurization of Hot

         Metal”, P. K. Iwamasa and R. J. Fruehan, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions

          B, Vol. 28B, February 1997, pp. 47-57.

 

190. “Influence of Chromium and Nickel on the Dissociation of CO2 on Carbon-

         Saturated Liquid Iron”, C.P. Petit and R.J. Fruehan, Metallurgical and Materials

        Transactions B, Vol. 28B, August 1997, pp. 639-645.

 

191. “Future Steelmaking Technologies and the Role of Basic Research”, R. J. Fruehan,

        Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 28A, October 1997, pp. 1963-1973.

 

192. “Slag-Metal Separation in the Blast Furnace Trough”, Hagdong Kim, Bahri Ozturk

          and Richard J. Fruehan, ISIJ International, Vol. 38 (1998), No. 5, pp. 430-439.

 

193. “Kinetics of Phosphorus Vaporization from Slag”, Ju-Yeol Ryu, R. J. Fruehan and

         A. T. Morales, Transactions of ISS, January 1999, pp. 59-68.

 

194. “Reduction of FeO in Smelting Slags by Solid Carbon: Re-examination of the

        Influence of the Gas-Carbon Reaction”, S. R. Story, B. Sarma, R. J. Fruehan, A. W.

       Cramb and G. R. Belton, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 29B,  August

       1998, pp. 929-932.

 

195. “Thermodynamics of TiOx in Blast Furnace Type Slags”, Y. Morizane, B. Ozturk and